Author(s)
Tatan Sukwika, Dudung Darusman, Cecep Kusmana, Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat
Abstract
This study discusses the sustainability of small scale private forest in Bogor, Indonesia. It aims to determine the dimensions of sustainable private-forest and analyzing the sustainability index of privately managed forest. This study uses multidimensional scaling (MDS) to analyze the dimensions of sustainability, ranked from 0 (the lowest) to 10 (the highest), along with the support of Rap-Pforest, in order to assess the level of similarity and dissimilarity for each dimension. Using this scale from the sustainability index, this study estimates the level of sustainability of each dimension. After measuring each attribute’s level of ordination RMS change on the X axis, we estimate the error’s effect using Monte Carlo analysis. This study shows that the ecology as well as legal and institutional dimensions are moderately sustainable, with a sustainability index of 53.66% and 52.48%. However, the dimensions of economy, socio-culture, as well as accessibility and technology are less sustainable, with an index measurement of 41.62%, 47.02% and 47.56%, respectively. Based on those five sustainability dimensions, this study concludes that in average the level of sustainability of private-forest management in the Bogor is not sustainable (48.47%). We recommend that to improve the sustainability of small scale private forest management in Bogor, multiple stakeholders should be involved to development the most appropriate policy options.
Keywords
Bogor, Monte Carlo analysis, private-forest, RMS, small scale forestry, sustainability index
How to cite:
Sukwika T, Darusman D, Kusmana C, Nurrochmat DR. 2016. Evaluating the level of sustainability of privately managed forest in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17 (1): 241-248.
References
Abel T, Stepp JR. 2003. A new ecosystems ecology for anthropology. Conservation Ecology 7(3):12. www.consecol.org/vol7/iss3/art12
Andayani W. 2003. Private-Forest Development Strategy. Journal of Community Forests V (3). Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Agrawal A, Cashore B, Hardin R, Shepherd G, Benson C, Miller D. 2013. Economic Contributions of Forests. United Nations Forum on Forests 20 March 2013. Istanbul, Turkey. Analysis of multiple forest values in Southern Ontario. For Pol Econ 6 (3-4), 215-227.
Angelsen A. 1999. Agricultural expansion and deforestation: modeling the impact of population, market forces and property rights. Journal of Development Economics 58:185-218.
BPS [Badan Pusat Statistik]. 2015. Bogor District in Figure 2015. BPS. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Birgantoro BA, Nurrochmat DR. 2007. Utilization of Forest Resources by Community in North Banyuwangi KPH (Forest Management Unit). Forest Resource. JMHT 13 (3): 172-181. [Indonesian]
Borg I, Groenen PJF. (1997). Modern multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications. New York (US): Springer.
Chakravarty S, Ghosh SK, Suresh CP, Dey AN, Shukla G. 2012. Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies, Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management. Clement A. Okia (Ed.), Rijeka, Croatia: InTech Europe. www.cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/36125.pdf
Clarke J. 2006. Trends In Forest Ownership, Forest Resources Tenure And Institutional Arrangements: Are They Contributing To Better Forest Management And Poverty Reduction? A Case Study From South Africa. FAO.
Darusman D, Hardjanto. 2006. Overview Economic Community Forests. Proceedings of the Forest Products Research Seminar 2006: 4-13. Jakarta (ID): Department of Forestry. [Indonesian]
Darusman D, Wijayanto N. 2007. Economic Aspects of Community Forests (Scheme Funding). Paper the Forest Research Institute. Ciamis, October 30, 2007. [Indonesian]
DeClerck F, Ingram JC, Rumbaitis del Rio C .2006. The role of ecological theory and practice in poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. Vol, Issue 10 December 2006 Pages 533-540. doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[533:TROETA]2.0.CO;2
DeSherbinin A, Carr D, Cassels S, Jiang L. 2007. Population and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 5.1-5.29.
Distanhut [Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kabupaten Bogor]. 2008. Annual Report of Agriculture and Forestry. Monograph. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Distanhut [Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kabupaten Bogor]. 2012. Annual Report of Agriculture and Forestry. Monograph. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Distanhut [Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kabupaten Bogor]. 2014. Annual Report of Agriculture and Forestry. Monograph. Bogor. [Indonesian]
Febriani D, Darusman D, Nurrochmat DR Wijayanto N. 2012. Policy Implementation Strategies in Community Forest Plantation In Sarolangun. Journal of Forestry Policy Analysis. Vol. 9 No. 2: 81-95. [Indonesian]
FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Rome (IT): FAO. www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf
Fauzi A, Anna Z. 2005. Sample model of Private-forest and Marine. For Policy’s Analysis. Jakarta (ID): Gramedia. [Indonesian]
Groenen PJF, van de Velden M. 2004. Multidimensional Scaling. (No. EI 2004-15) www.repub.eur.nl/pub/1274/ei200415.pdf
Gunarso P, Setyawati T, Sunderland T, Shackleton C (eds.). 2007a. Managing forest resources in a decentralized environment: lessons learnt from the Malinau research forest, East Kalimantan. www.auburn.edu/~zhangd1/RefereedPub/ForPolicyEcon2013Kant.pdf
Gunarso P, Santosa KD, Shackleton C, Sunderland T, Campbell BM, Priyadi H, Levang P, Sheil D, Dounias E. 2007b. Towards Sustainable Forest Management And Improved Livelihoods In Tropical Forests: Lessons and Conclusions. pp 182-190 Ch.12. CIFOR, Bogor.
Guntoro S. 2011. Applying Time for Techno-Ecological Agriculture; a Future Model of Agriculture to Address Climate Change. PT Agromedia Pusaka. Jakarta [Indonesian]
Ingram JC, DeClerck F, Rumbaitis del Rio C (eds.). 2012 Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction: The Application of Ecology in Development Solutions. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0186-5_6
Kant S, Wang S, Deegen P, Hostettler M, von Detten R, Howard T, Laband D, Montgomery C, Roberti N, Sekot W, Valatin G, Zhang D. 2013. New frontiers of forest economics. Forest Policy and Eronomics 35 (2013) 1-8.
Kant S. 2010. Global Trends in Ownership and Tenure of Forest Resources and Timber Pricing. Professional Foresters Association, Ontario.
Kant S. 2003. Extending the boundaries of forest economics. Forest Policy and Economics 5, 39-56.
Kant S. 2004. Economics of sustainable forest management. Forest Policy and Economics 6: 197-203.
Kant S, Berry A. 2005. Economics. Sustainability, and Natural Resources: Economics of Sustainable Forest Management. Springer, Dordrecht.
Kant S, Lee S. 2004. A social choice approach to sustainable forest management: an analysis of multiple forest values in Northwestern Ontario. Forest Policy and Economics 6 (2004) 215-227. www.forestry.utoronto.ca/people/shashi_site/Ref_05_01_files/Kant_2004a.pdf
Kavanach P. 2001, Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries (Rapfish) Project: Rapfish Software Description (for Microsoft Excel). University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Kavanagh P, Pitcher TJ. 2004. Implementing Microsoft Excel Software for Rapfish: A Technique for the Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Status. Tech. rept. 12(2). Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vancouver.
Kigenyi FW. 2007. Trends In Forest Ownership, Forest Resources Tenure And Institutional Arrangements: Are They Contributing To Better Forest Management And Poverty Reduction? A Case Study From Uganda. www.fao.org/forestry/12512-05d9aec749e453318a6941e5eb60217a4 .pdf
Kusmana C. 2011. Forest Resources and Forestry in Indonesia. Forest Science and Technology, 7:4, 155-160, doi: 10.1080/21580103.2011.625241
Levang P. 2002. People’s dependencies on forests. In Technical Report, Phase I 1997-2001. ITTO Project PD 12/97 Rev. 1 (F) - Forest, Science and Sustainability: the Bulungan model forest, pp 109-130. CIFOR, Bogor.
Marwa J, Purnomo H, Nurrochmat DR, 2010. Managing the Last Frontier of Indonesian Forest in Papua. IPB-AKECOP Korea, Bogor.
Muttaqin MZ. 2008. Good Governance dalam Lima Kebijakan Prioritas Departemen Kehutanan. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan 5 (3): 143-151.
Nasi R, Frost PGH. 2009. Sustainable forest management in the tropics: is everything in order but the patient still dying?. Ecology and Society 14(2): 40. www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art40/
Nurrochmat DR, Abdulah L. 2014. Utilizing Forest, Reduce Emissions. Sheets of Agricultural and Environmental Policy. Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 18-23 Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Nurrochmat DR, Darusman D, Ruchjadi D. 2014. Reconstruction of Forestry Tenure System. Sheets of Agricultural and Environmental Policy. Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2014: 24-29. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Plencovich MC. 2014. Voices From The Forest: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge Into Sustainable Upland Farming. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. Vol.20, Iss.1, 147-149.
Pitcher TJ. 1999. Rapfish, a Rapid Appraisal Technique for Fisheries, and it Application to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Pitcher TJ, Preiksho D. 2001. RAPFISH: a rapid appraisal technique to evaluate the sustainability status of Fisheries. Fisheries Research 49: 255-270.
Pitcher TJ, Lam ME, Ainsworth C, Martindale A, Nakamura K, Perry RI, Ward T. 2013. Improvements to Rapfish: a rapid evaluation technique for fisheries integrating ecological and human dimensions. Journal of Fish Biology 83, 865-889.
Prabhu R, Colfer C, Shepherd G. 1998. Criteria and Dimensions for Sustainable Forest Management: New Findings from CIFOR's Forest Management Unit Level Research. ISSN 0968-2627. Rural Development Forestry Network, London.
Sahide MAK, Supratman S, Maryudi A, Giessen L. 2015. Forest Management Units Experimentation in Indonesia: Is it Supporting Devolution and Forest Management or Re-Centralisation?. "Management of land use systems for enhanced food security - conflicts, controversies and resolutions". Tropentag, September 16 - 18, 2015 in Berlin.
SCBD [Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity]. 2009. Sustainable Forest Management, Biodiversity and Livelihoods: A Good Practice Guide. Montreal, 47 + iii pages. www.cbd.int/development/doc/cbd-good-practice-guide-forestry-booklet-web-en.pdf
Schmithüsen F, Hirsch F. 2010. Private Forest Ownership In Europe. Geneva Timber and Forest Study Paper 26. Forestry and Timber Section, Geneva.
Schneider F, Jallis G, Martinez-Alier J. 2010. Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue. Journal of Cleaner Production 18 (2010) 511–518
Silas SR. 2014. Reducing Impact of Land Degradation in Tanzania: Do Incentive Market Based Mechanisms Work for Sustainable Land Management?. Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 7, No. 6; 2014. doi: 10.5539/jsd.v7n6p1
Subagyo, PJ. 2006. Research Methods In Theory And Practice. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Suryawati SH, Soetarto E, Adrianto L, Purnomo AH. 2011. Identification Resource Management Incentive Systems At Laguna Segara Anakan. Journal of Socio-Economic Policy Vol . 1 No. 1 in 2011. [Indonesian]
UN [United Nations]. 2008. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 62/98: Non-legally binding instruments on all types of forests. www.daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/469/65/PDF/N0746965.pdf
Wildenberg M. 2005. Ecology, Rituals and System-Dynamics. An attempt to model the Socio-Ecological System of Trinket Island. Social Ecology Working Paper 80. Vienna.
Wollenberg E, Edmunds D, Buck L. 2001. Anticipating Change: Scenarios for Adaptive Forest Management Facility. ISBN 979-8764-71-4. CIFOR, Bogor.
Wolosin M, Elias P, Riddle A, Nguyen D. 2012. Forest Interventions with Economic Returns. Issue Paper November 2012. Climate Advisers, Washington, DC.
Young FY. 2009, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
